อ้างอิง ของ ฌาน ดาร์ก

  1. ↑ Her name was written in a variety of ways, particularly prior to the mid-19th century. See Pernoud and Clin, pp. 220–221. She reportedly signed her name as "Jehanne" (see www.stjoan-center.com/Album/, parts 47 and 49; it is also noted in Pernoud and Clin).
  2. 1 2 Modern biographical summaries often assert a birthdate of 6 January for Joan. In fact, however, she could only estimate her own age. All of the rehabilitation-trial witnesses likewise estimated her age even though several of these people were her godmothers and godfathers. The 6 January claim is based on a single source: a letter from Lord Perceval de Boullainvilliers on 21 July 1429 (see Pernoud's Joan of Arc By Herself and Her Witnesses, p. 98: "Boulainvilliers tells of her birth in Domrémy, and it is he who gives us an exact date, which may be the true one, saying that she was born on the night of Epiphany, 6 January"). Boulainvilliers, however, was not from Domrémy. The event was probably not recorded. The practice of parish registers for non-noble births did not begin until several generations later.
  3. ↑ ประวัตินักบุญตลอดปี: นักบุญโยน ออฟ อาร์ค
  4. 1 2 3 w:fr:Jeanne d'Arc
  5. 1 2 Andrew Ward (2005) Joan of Arc ที่อินเทอร์เน็ตมูวีเดตาเบส
  6. ↑ DeVries, pp. 27–28.
  7. ↑ DeVries, pp. 15-19.
  8. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, p. 167.
  9. ↑ DeVries, p. 24.
  10. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 188-189.
  11. ↑ DeVries, pp. 24, 26.
  12. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, p. 10.
  13. ↑ DeVries, p. 28.
  14. ↑ Jacques d'Arc (1380–1440) was a farmer in Domremy who held the post of doyen a local tax-collector and organiser of village defenses. He married Isabelle de Vouthon (1387–1468) , called Romée, in 1405. Their other children were Jacquemin, Jean, Pierre and Catherine. Charles VII ennobled Jacques and Isabelle's family on 29 December 1429; the Chamber of Accounts registered the family's designation to nobility on 20 January 1430. The grant permitted the family to change their surname to du Lys.
  15. ↑ Condemnation trial, p. 37. (Accessed 23 March 2006)
  16. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, p. 221.
  17. ↑ Condemnation trial, pp. 58–59. (Accessed 23 March 2006)
  18. ↑ DeVries, pp. 37-40.
  19. 1 2 Nullification trial testimony of Jean de Metz. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  20. ↑ Oliphant, ch. 2. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  21. 1 2 3 4 Richey, p. 4.
  22. ↑ Richey, "Joan of Arc: A Military Appreciation". (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  23. ↑ Histories and fictional works often refer to this man by other names. Some call him count of Dunois in reference to a title he received years after Joan's death. During her lifetime he preferred Bastard of Orléans, which his contemporaries understood as an honor because it described him as a first cousin of King Charles VII of France. That name often confuses modern readers because "bastard" has become a popular insult. "Jean d'Orleans" is less precise but not anachronistic. For a short biography see Pernoud and Clin, pp. 180–181.
  24. ↑ Perroy, p. 283.
  25. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, p. 230.
  26. ↑ DeVries, pp. 74–83
  27. ↑ Devout Catholics regard this as proof of her divine mission. At Chinon and Poitiers she had declared that she would give a sign at Orléans. The lifting of the siege gained her the support of prominent clergy such as the Archbishop of Embrun and theologian Jean Gerson, who both wrote supportive treatises immediately following this event.
  28. ↑ DeVries, pp. 96-97.
  29. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Jean, Duke of Alençon. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  30. ↑ DeVries, pp. 114-115.
  31. ↑ DeVries, pp. 122-126.
  32. ↑ Lucie-Smith, pp. 156-160.
  33. ↑ DeVries, p. 134.
  34. ↑ These range from mild associations of intrigue to scholarly invective. For an impassioned statement see Gower, ch. 4. (Accessed 12 February 2006) Milder examples are Pernoud and Clin, pp. 78-80; DeVries, p. 135; and Oliphant, ch. 6. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  35. ↑ DeVries, pp. 161–170.
  36. ↑ "Joan of Arc, Saint." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 12 September 2007 <http://www.library.eb.com.ezproxy.ae.talonline.ca/eb/article-27055>.
  37. ↑ Judges' investigations 9 January-26 March, ordinary trial 26 March-24 May, recantation 24 May, relapse trial 28 May-29.
  38. ↑ The retrial verdict later affirmed that Cauchon had no right to try the case. See also Joan of Arc: Her Story, by Regine Pernoud and Marie-Veronique Clin, p. 108. The vice-inquisitor of France objected to the trial on jurisdictional grounds at its outset.
  39. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Father Nicholas Bailly. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  40. ↑ Taylor, Craig, Joan of Arc: La Pucelle p. 137.
  41. ↑ Condemnation trial, p. 52. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  42. 1 2 Pernoud and Clin, p. 112.
  43. ↑ Shaw, "Saint Joan." Penguin Classics; Reissue edition (2001). ISBN 0-14-043791-6
  44. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, p. 130.
  45. ↑ Condemnation trial, pp. 314-316. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  46. ↑ Condemnation trial, pp. 342-343. (Accessed 12 February 2006) Also nullification trial testimony of Brother Pierre Migier, "As to the act of recantation, I know it was performed by her; it was in writing, and was about the length of a Pater Noster." (Accessed 12 February 2006) In modern English this is better known as the Lord's Prayer, Latin and English text available here: (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  47. ↑ See Pernoud, p. 220, which quotes appellate testimony by Friar Martin Ladvenu and Friar Isambart de la Pierre.
  48. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Jean Massieu. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  49. ↑ In February, 2006 a team of forensic scientists announced the beginning of a six-month study to assess bone and skin remains from a museum at Chinon and reputed to be those of the heroine. The study cannot provide a positive identification but could rule out some types of hoax through carbon dating and gender determination. (Accessed 1 March 2006) An interim report released 17 December 2006 states that this is unlikely to have belonged to her. (Accessed 17 December 2006)
  50. ↑ Pernoud, p. 233.
  51. ↑ Nullification trial sentence rehabilitation. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  52. ↑ Condemnation trial, pp. 78-79. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  53. ↑ Deuteronomy 22:5. (Accessed 22 March 2006).
  54. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  55. ↑ According to medieval clothing expert Adrien Harmand, she wore two layers of pants (trousers in British-English) attached to the doublet with 20 fastenings. The outer pants were made of a boot-like leather. "Jeanne d'Arc, son costume, son armure."(ฝรั่งเศส) (Accessed 23 March 2006)
  56. ↑ Condemnation trial, p. 78. (Accessed 12 February 2006) Retrial testimony of Brother Seguin de Seguin, Professor of Theology at Poitiers, does not mention clothing directly, but constitutes a wholehearted endorsement of her piety. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  57. ↑ Fraioli, "Joan of Arc: The Early Debate," p. 131.
  58. ↑ Condemnation trial, pp. 36–37, 41–42, 48–49. (Accessed 1 September 2006)
  59. ↑ In a parenthetical note to a military biography, DeVries asserts:
    "The vissions, or their veracity, are not in themselves important for this study. What is important, in fact what is key to Joan's history as a military leader, is that she (author's emphasis) believed that they came from God," p. 35.
  60. ↑ Many of these hypotheses were devised by people whose expertise is in history rather than medicine. For a sampling of papers that passed peer review in medical journals, see ""I heard voices...": From semiology, a historical review, and a new hypothesis on the presumed epilepsy of Joan of Arc," d'Orsi G, Tinuper P, Epilepsy Behav. August, 2006; 9 (1) :152–7. Epub 2006 5 June (idiopathic partial epilepsy with auditory features) ; "Joan of Arc," Foote-Smith E, Bayne L, Epilepsia. Nov-Dec, 1991; 32 (6) :810–5 (epilepsy) ; "Joan of Arc and DSM III," Henker FO, South Med J. December, 1984; 77 (12) :1488–90 (various psychiatric definitions) ; "The schizophrenia of Joan of Arc," Allen C, Hist Med. Autumn–Winter 1975;6 (3–4) :4–9 (schizophrenia) . (Accessed 1 September 2006)
  61. ↑ "A historical case of disseminated chronic tuberculosis," Nores JM, Yakovleff Y, Neuropsychobiology. 1995;32 (2) :79–80 (temporal lobe tuberculoma) (Accessed 1 September 2006)
  62. ↑ Pernoud, p. 275.
  63. ↑ Hoffman, "Auditory Hallucinations: What's It Like Hearing Voices?" in HealthyPlace.com, 27 September 2003. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  64. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 3, 169, 183. Richard C. Famiglietti, "Royal Intrigue: Crisis at the Court of Charles VI, 1392-1420". New York: AMS Press, 1987. ISBN 0-404-61439-6.
  65. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Dame Marguerite de Touroulde, widow of a king's counselor: "I heard from those that brought her to the king that at first they thought she was mad, and intended to put her away in some ditch, but while on the way they felt moved to do everything according to her good pleasure." (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  66. ↑ Nullification trial testimony of Guillaume de Manchon. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  67. ↑ Histoire de Jeanne d`Arc by P.A Le Brun de Charmettes-Tome1 Tome2 Tome3 Tome4
  68. ↑ DeVries, pp. 179-180.
  69. ↑ Pernoud and Clin, pp. 247-264.
  70. ↑ DeVries in "Fresh Verdicts on Joan of Arc," edited by Bonnie Wheeler, p. 3.
  71. ↑ She is the most requested saint profile at Catholic.org. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  72. ↑ Contrary to popular myth, the primary role of camp followers was not prostitution. They performed support functions such as laundry, cooking, and hauling. Female camp followers were often the wives of soldiers. Some prostitution also took place. Byron C. Hacker and Margaret Vining, "The World of Camp and Train: Women's Changing Roles in Early Modern Armies". (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  73. ↑ The duke of Alençon reported seeing her break a sword against a camp follower at Saint Denis. Her page Louis de Contes described the event as happening near Château-Thierry and insisted that it was only a verbal warning. Nullification trial testimony. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  74. ↑ These tests, which her confessor describes as hymen investigations, are not reliable measures of virginity. However, they signified approval from matrons of the highest social rank at key moments of her life. Rehabilitation trial testimony of Jean Pasquerel. (Accessed 12 March 2006)
  75. ↑ English translation of Christine de Pizan's poem "La Ditie de Jeanne d'Arc" by L. Shopkow. (Accessed 12 February 2006) Analysis of the poem by Professors Kennedy and Varty of Magdalen College, Oxford. (Accessed 12 February 2006)
  76. ↑ Front National publicity logos include the tricolor flame and reproductions of statues depicting her. The graphics forums at Étapes magazine include a variety of political posters from the 2002 presidential election. (ฝรั่งเศส) (Accessed 7 February 2006)
  77. ↑ Declan Butler. โจนออฟอาร์ค's relics exposed as forgery, Nature, 4 April 2007, doi:10.1038/446593a.

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